General
PromptBeginner5 minmarkdown
- `usr` with log scale: contains **log10** of the coordinate limits
not the raw values.
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General
PromptBeginner5 minmarkdown
- `las`: 0 = parallel to axis
1 = horizontal
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General
PromptBeginner5 minmarkdown
- `mgp = c(3
1
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General
PromptBeginner5 minmarkdown
- `mai` (inches)
`mar` (lines)
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Data
PromptBeginner5 minmarkdown
- Formula interface: `cor.test(~ x + y
data = df)` — note the `~` with no LHS.
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General
PromptBeginner5 minmarkdown
- Setting `mfrow`/`mfcol` resets `cex` to 1 and `mex` to 1. With 2x2 layout
base `cex` is multiplied by 0.83; with 3+ rows/columns
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General
PromptBeginner5 minmarkdown
> Non-obvious behaviors
gotchas
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General
PromptBeginner5 minmarkdown
- Returns `$estimate`
`$p.value`
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General
PromptBeginner5 minmarkdown
- **Lognormal**: `meanlog` and `sdlog` are mean/sd of the **log**
not of the distribution itself.
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General
PromptBeginner5 minmarkdown
- **Beta**: `shape1` (alpha)
`shape2` (beta) — no `mean`/`sd` parameterization.
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General
PromptBeginner5 minmarkdown
- **Nine** `type` options (1-9). Default `type = 7` (R default
linear interpolation). Type 1 = inverse of empirical CDF (SAS default). Types 4-9 are continuous; 1-3 are discontinuous.
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General
PromptBeginner5 minmarkdown
- **`n` argument in `r*()` functions**: if `length(n) > 1`
uses `length(n)` as the count
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General
PromptBeginner5 minmarkdown
- `names = TRUE` by default
adding 0%
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Data
PromptBeginner5 minmarkdown
- Default kernel: `gaussian`. Range of density extends beyond data range (controlled by `cut`
default 3 bandwidths).
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Data
PromptBeginner5 minmarkdown
- Default bandwidth: `bw = nrd0` (Silverman's rule of thumb). For multimodal data
consider `SJ` or `bcv`.
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General
PromptBeginner5 minmarkdown
- `prcomp` uses **SVD** (numerically superior); `princomp` uses `eigen` on covariance (less stable
N-1 vs N scaling).
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Creative
PromptBeginner5 minmarkdown
- `nstart > 1` recommended (e.g.
`nstart = 25`): runs algorithm from multiple random starts
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General
PromptBeginner5 minmarkdown
- `method = euclidean` (default). Other options: `manhattan`
`maximum`
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Data
PromptBeginner5 minmarkdown
- Returns a matrix of p-values
not test statistics.
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Data
PromptBeginner5 minmarkdown
- For composite hypotheses (parameters estimated from data)
p-values are **conservative** (too large). Use `dgof` or `ks.test` with `exact = NULL` for discrete distributions.
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General
PromptBeginner5 minmarkdown
- Methods: `holm` (default)
`BH` (Benjamini-Hochberg FDR)
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General
PromptBeginner5 minmarkdown
- For tables larger than 2x2
uses simulation (`simulate.p.value = TRUE`) or network algorithm.
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General
PromptBeginner5 minmarkdown
- Paired test: `paired = TRUE` uses signed-rank test (Wilcoxon)
not rank-sum (Mann-Whitney).
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General
PromptBeginner5 minmarkdown
- `exact = TRUE` by default for small samples with no ties. With ties
normal approximation used.
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