General
PromptBeginner5 minmarkdown
- Returns a **permutation vector** of indices
not the sorted values. Use `x[order(x)]` to sort.
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Data
PromptBeginner5 minmarkdown
- If FUN returns multiple values
result column is a **matrix column** inside the data frame.
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General
PromptBeginner5 minmarkdown
- Works on multiple arguments (e.g.
`complete.cases(x
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General
PromptBeginner5 minmarkdown
- Returns columns named after the grouping variables
with result column keeping the original name.
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General
PromptBeginner5 minmarkdown
- Levels are sorted by default
but sort order is **locale-dependent** at creation time.
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General
PromptBeginner5 minmarkdown
- `c()` on factors unions level sets (since R 4.1.0)
but earlier versions converted to integer.
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Data
PromptBeginner5 minmarkdown
- Formula interface (`aggregate(y ~ x
data
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General
PromptBeginner5 minmarkdown
- Only `==` and `!=` work between factors; factors must have identical level sets. Ordered factors support `<`
`>`.
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General
PromptBeginner5 minmarkdown
- Duplicate column names allowed only with `check.names = FALSE`
but many operations will de-dup them silently.
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Coding & Debugging
PromptBeginner5 minmarkdown
- `as.numeric(f)` returns **integer codes**
not original values. Use `as.numeric(levels(f))[f]` or `as.numeric(as.character(f))`.
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General
PromptBeginner5 minmarkdown
- `duplicated` marks the **second and later** occurrences as TRUE
not the first. Use `fromLast = TRUE` to reverse.
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Data
PromptBeginner5 minmarkdown
- For data frames
operates on whole rows. For lists
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General
PromptBeginner5 minmarkdown
- Atomic vectors recycle to match longest column
but only if exact multiple. Protect with `I()` to prevent conversion.
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General
PromptBeginner5 minmarkdown
- `cbind(NULL)` returns `NULL` (not a matrix). For consistency
`rbind(NULL)` also returns `NULL`.
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Data
PromptBeginner5 minmarkdown
- `rbind` on data frames matches columns **by name**
not position. Missing columns get `NA`.
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Data
PromptBeginner5 minmarkdown
- Result is always an **array** (even 1D)
class table. Convert to data frame with `as.data.frame(tbl)`.
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Data
PromptBeginner5 minmarkdown
- `cbind` on data frames calls `data.frame(...)`
not `cbind.matrix`. Mixing matrices and data frames can give unexpected results.
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General
PromptBeginner5 minmarkdown
- Supports formula syntax: `split(df
~ Month)`.
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General
PromptBeginner5 minmarkdown
- If `f` is a list of factors
interaction is used; levels containing `.` can cause unexpected splits unless `sep` is changed.
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General
PromptBeginner5 minmarkdown
- `...` args to FUN are **not** divided into cells — they apply globally
so FUN should not expect additional args with same length as X.
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General
PromptBeginner5 minmarkdown
- `by = 0` or `by = row.names` merges on row names
adding a Row.names column.
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Data
PromptBeginner5 minmarkdown
- Default `by` is `intersect(names(x)
names(y))` — can silently merge on unintended columns if data frames share column names.
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Data
PromptBeginner5 minmarkdown
- Returns an **array** (not a data frame). Class info on return values is **discarded** (e.g.
Date objects become numeric).
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General
PromptBeginner5 minmarkdown
- `...` args cannot share names with `X`
`MARGIN`
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